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2	Cell Theory The cell is the basic unit of all living things. All living things are made up of one or more cells. All living cells come from the reproduction of pre-existing cells.
3	Cell Structures Cells have organelles to carry out cell functions Cell membrane – supports cell; controls substances going in and out of the cell Cytoplasm – jellylike fluid in cell Nucleus – cell boss; controls cell activities
4	Animal Cell Diagram click picture to study structures
5	Plant Cell Diagram click picture to study structures
6	Cell Functions Homeostasis – a cell must maintain stable internal conditions; balance Osmosis – movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a higher to lower concentration Diffusion – random movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration Turgor pressure – pressure of water against a plant cell wall Mitosis – division of the nucleus of a cell
7	How Cells Gain and Release Energy All organisms use energy to carry out the functions of life Photosynthesis – plants use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen; energy is stored in chemical bonds of glucose molecules Cellular respiration – cells break down glucose into usable energy; the reverse of photosynthesis
8	Can You Identify the Phases Mitosis? Interactive Mitosis
9	Systems Tissue – similar cells with specialized functions Organs – two or more tissues performing a function Organ System – group of organs working together to perform a specific function Organism – any living thing Feedback mechanism- occurs when the body senses the results of its actions and adjust what it is doing, allowing the body to maintain stable conditions
10	Interactions of Human Systems Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous – interact to move an arm Respiratory, Circulatory – interact to take in oxygen and deliver it to cells throughout the body Digestive and Circulatory System – interact to digest food and absorb and distribute nutrients Feedback mechanism – endocrine system interacts with other systems to maintain the body’s equilibrium, such as the level of glucose in blood
11	Organ Systems of Human Body In the human body, 10 major organ systems each work to meet a specific need: Skeletal System- support, structure, allow movement, produce red blood cells Muscular System – allows movement; smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles Digestive System – digests and absorbs nutrients Respiratory System: Made up of lungs and other organs that allow us to obtain oxygen Circulatory System: The heart, veins, arteries and capillaries circulate blood through the body.
12	Organ Systems of the Human Body Nervous System: The brain, sensory organs and nerves allow us to think, see, feet, and react to the environment around us. Endocrine System: Produces hormones regulating growth, fluids, blood sugar, and energy levels. Excretory System: Kidneys and bladder act as the body’s “garbage collector” to filter blood and excrete wastes and water. Integumentary system: The skin, hair and fingernails protect the body against infection and injury. Reproduction System: Organs that allow humans to produce children.
13	Heredity Inherited Trait: A trait an organism inherits from its parents, such as height or eye color. Gene: The part of a chromosome that governs a particular trait. Punnett Square: Diagram used to predict outcomes of genetic combinations. Dominant Trait: Appears if it inherits the gene for that trait from either parent; shown by capital letters on a Punnett Square. Recessive Trait: Appears only if it inherits that trait from both parents; shown by lower case letters on a Punnett Square.
14	Punnett Square Punnett Square Review Interactive Punnett Squares
15	Adaptation Genetic Mutation: Change in gene caused bu environmental damage or random error. Environmental Change: When the environment changes, such as the climate becoming colder or dryer Natural Selection: Organisms with favorable hereditary traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than other organisms; these organisms gradually increase their proportion of a species. Species: Group of similar organisms that can have children together. Population: All the members of a species living in an area.
16	Ecosystems an ecosystem is a community of living organisms and their environment in a specific area. Nonliving Environmental Factors: Non-living factors influence an ecosystem, such as temperatures, sunlight, and soil. Community: All the organisms found in a single ecosystem. Population: All of the organisms of the same species in a particular ecosystem. Examples of Land Ecosystems: Temperate forest, tropical rain forest, grassland, desert, and tundra.
17	Flow of Resources in an Ecosystem Interaction of Organisms: Predators, parasites, competition and cooperation. Recycling of Energy and Nutrients: 1. Producers (plants) obtain energy from sunlight, water and nitrates from soil. 2. Consumers (animals) eat plants or other animals; provided nitrates and CO₂ to be used by plants. 3. Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead organisms into organic compounds. Ecological Succession: Drastic events, like fire, bring a series of changes to an ecosystem.
18	Ecosystems Animal Adaptations
19	Succession Succession is the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established. Succession occurs differently in different places around the world.
20	Primary Succession The process of succession that begins in a place without any soil. It starts with the arrival of living things called pioneer species - these are organisms that do not need soil to survive. Soil begins to form as the pioneer species and the forces of weather and erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces.
21	Primary Succession When the pioneer species die, they decay, adding small amounts of organic matter to the rock; making soil. Plants such as mosses and ferns can grow in this new soil. Eventually, these plants die, adding more organic material. The soil layer thickens, and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over.
22	Primary Succession When these plants die, they add more nutrients to the soil. This buildup is enough to support the growth of shrubs and trees. All the while, insects, small birds, and mammals have begun to move in. What was once bare rock now supports all sorts of life.
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24	Secondary Succession Secondary succession is the changes which take place in a placed that has been disturbed or damaged. Volcanoes Forest fires Development Secondary succession is usually much quicker than primary succession.
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26	Succession